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What is Statutory Law?

Alexis W.
Alexis W.

Statutory law is law that is made by a legislature and codified or written down in code books. It is primarily a concept that exists in common law systems in order to underscore the distinction between laws that a governing body makes and case law. Many countries are common law systems, including the United States, Scotland, Canada, Israel, and Nicaragua.

In the United States and other common law systems, law is made by legal cases. This means that when a judge decides a case, his decision or rule essentially becomes the law that governs all similar cases. Judges make these laws, so a common law system is also called a case law system.

In the United States, Congress drafts statutory laws by passing bills.
In the United States, Congress drafts statutory laws by passing bills.

While judges can and do make case law in a common law system, the legislature or executive branch also makes law. In the United States, the Constitution clearly sets forth this distinction in the Constitution under the doctrine of "Separation of Powers." The Constitution reserves the right for the legislative branch of the federal government to make laws regulating certain issues, and state constitutions do the same in many states.

The Constitution reserves the right for the legislative branch of the federal government to make laws regulating certain issues.
The Constitution reserves the right for the legislative branch of the federal government to make laws regulating certain issues.

If the legislature, whether at the state or federal level, makes a law, that law is statutory law. A statutory law is often published as a bill in the United States and Canada, while other common law countries may have their own names for statutory laws that are published. Normally when a bill is passed, it becomes law right away, and is eventually codified or written down in formal code books that contain lists of statutes.

This statutory law governs in conjunction with case law. The statute is the fundamental law that must be followed. Statutes, however, do not always govern every single possible situation and are often open to interpretation.

Statutory rights of an employee include protection from unfair dismissal.
Statutory rights of an employee include protection from unfair dismissal.

If a statute is open to being interpreted, the courts can interpret it according to set principles. Generally, the rules dictate that if the plain language of a statute says something, whatever it says is the law. If the plain language leaves room for ambiguity, either the court or a state agency vested with the power to interpret the statute can make an interpretation.

Judges are able to make case law in a common law system.
Judges are able to make case law in a common law system.

When courts or state agencies interpret statutory law, they must follow basic rules of interpretation to ensure that the intent of the statute is followed. This means the courts or agencies must look to legislative history to interpret the statute. Once the courts or agencies interpret the statute, their interpretation becomes the law, unless or until the legislature passes a new law amending the interpretation.

Discussion Comments

SteamLouis

Case law or common law is also often termed as non-statutory law. Court cases which set non-statutory law are significant because they are the precedent for future cases. Some might think that allowing judges to interpret cases and writing case laws that impact cases in the future is a bad idea. In practice though, there is no other more effective way of resolving cases while making sure that all cases and individuals will be treated equally under law. Setting a precedent based on a specific situation makes sure that all such cases with same or similar circumstances will be treated and judged in the same way. Additionally, non-statutory law can be changed if it is deemed necessary.

cfmom

So in the whole debate about which kind of law -- statutory law vs common law -- takes precedence in a certain situation, often the answer if both, if I understand correctly. For example, the base law that governs a certain situation may be statutory, but the actual application of that statutory law may come from common law precedent. An example of this would be interesting. I guess temporary insanity could be an example. Murder is against the law, but previous cases have set the precedent that you may be able get reduced punishment if you are deemed to be insane at the time of the murder.

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    • In the United States, Congress drafts statutory laws by passing bills.
      By: Andrea Izzotti
      In the United States, Congress drafts statutory laws by passing bills.
    • The Constitution reserves the right for the legislative branch of the federal government to make laws regulating certain issues.
      By: milosluz
      The Constitution reserves the right for the legislative branch of the federal government to make laws regulating certain issues.
    • Statutory rights of an employee include protection from unfair dismissal.
      By: sokolovsky
      Statutory rights of an employee include protection from unfair dismissal.
    • Judges are able to make case law in a common law system.
      By: Geo Martinez
      Judges are able to make case law in a common law system.